Long-Term Followup of Penile Carcinoma With High Risk for Lymph Node Invasion Treated With Inguinal Lymphadenectomy

Purpose

The current penile cancer problem is defining lymph node invasion types for which inguinal lymphadenectomy is effective in terms of patient survival and the number of inguinal metastases beyond which combination therapy should be proposed. We evaluated survival of patients with penile cancer at high risk for lymph node invasion treated with inguinal lymphadenectomy.

Materials and Methods

A total of 114 patients underwent lymphadenectomy for penile cancer with no palpable inguinal lymph nodes (cN0) but at intermediate or high risk for lymph node invasion, or with 1 or several palpable inguinal lymph nodes (cN1–3). All patients were initially treated for primary penile cancer with clinical and pathological inguinal lymph node staging. Bilateral superficial superomedial, ipsilateral radical plus contralateral modified and bilateral radical procedures were done in 50 cN0, 35 cN1 and 29 cN2–3 cases, respectively. Overall specific and recurrence-free survival was calculated by Kaplan-Meier curves with differences calculated by the log rank test.

Results

Five-year disease-free survival was 93.4%, 83.7%, 32% and 0% for stages cN0 to cN3, and 93.4%, 89.7%, 30.9% and 0% for stages pN0 to pN3, respectively, with a statistically significant difference for cN0–1 vs cN2–3 and pN0–1 vs pN2–3 (p <0.001). The recurrence rate was 10.5%, 10.3%, 32.6% and 30.0% for stages pN0 to pN3, respectively.

Conclusions

After inguinal lymphadenectomy specific and recurrence-free survival in cN1 and pN1 cases was comparable to that in cN0 and pN0 cases. The recurrence rate in the latter was higher than for other occult inguinal metastasis detection techniques. Only superomedial inguinal lymph nodes were studied, missing central and lateral superior zone occult metastasis. Survival was poor in patients with more than 2 lymph nodes invaded. In those cases chemotherapy protocols or chemotherapy combined with lymphadenectomy must be evaluated.

Key Words: penis, carcinoma, squamous cell, mortality, lymph nodes, lymph node excision

Abbreviations and Acronyms: CT, computerized tomography, IL, inguinal lymphadenectomy, MIL, modified IL, RIL, radical IL