The Journal of Urology
Volume 182, Issue 6, Supplement , Pages S2-S7 , December 2009

Obesity and Urinary Incontinence: Epidemiology and Clinical Research Update

  • Leslee L. Subak

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorrespondence: University of California-San Francisco/Mt. Zion Women's Health Clinical Research Center, 1635 Divisidero St., Suite 600, San Francisco, California 94115 (telephone: 415-353-9758; FAX: 415-353-9790)
  • ,
  • Holly E. Richter

      Affiliations

    • Financial interest and/or other relationship with Xanodyne and Pfizer.
  • ,
  • Steinar Hunskaar

References 

  1. Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, et al. Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. JAMA. 2003;289:76
  2. Allison DB, Fontaine KR, Manson JE, et al. Annual deaths attributable to obesity in the United States. JAMA. 1999;282:1530
  3. Frigg A, Peterli R, Peters T, et al. Reduction in co-morbidities 4 years after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Obes Surg. 2004;14:216
  4. Thom DH, van den Eeden SK, Ragins AI, et al. Differences in prevalence of urinary incontinence by race/ethnicity. J Urol. 2006;175:259
  5. Wetle T, Scherr P, Branch LG, et al. Difficulty with holding urine among older persons in a geographically defined community: prevalence and correlates. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995;43:349
  6. Grimby A, Milsom I, Molander U, et al. The influence of urinary incontinence on the quality of life of elderly women. Age Ageing. 1993;22:82
  7. Hunskaar S, Vinsnes A. The quality of life in women with urinary incontinence as measured by the sickness impact profile. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991;39:378
  8. Wilson L, Brown JS, Park GE, et al. Annual costs of urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;98:398
  9. Hunskaar S. A systematic review of overweight and obesity as risk factors and targets for clinical intervention for urinary incontinence in women. Neurourol Urodyn. 2008;27:749
  10. Brown J, Seeley D, Fong J, et al. Urinary incontinence in older women: who is at risk? (Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group). Obstet Gynecol. 1996;87:715
  11. Brown JS, Grady D, Ouslander JG, et al. Prevalence of urinary incontinence and associated risk factors in postmenopausal women (Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group). Obstet Gynecol. 1999;94:66
  12. Hannestad YS, Rortveit G, Daltveit AK, et al. Are smoking and other lifestyle factors associated with female urinary incontinence? (The Norwegian EPINCONT Study). BJOG. 2003;110:247
  13. Mommsen S, Foldspang A. Body mass index and adult female urinary incontinence. World J Urol. 1994;12:319
  14. Sampselle CM, Harlow SD, Skurnick J, et al. Urinary incontinence predictors and life impact in ethnically diverse perimenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;100:1230
  15. Thom DH, Brown JS. Reproductive and hormonal risk factors for urinary incontinence in later life: a review of the clinical and epidemiologic literature. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1998;46:1411
  16. Yarnell J, Voyle G, Sweetham P, et al. Factors associated with urinary incontinence in women. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1982;36:58
  17. Danforth KN, Townsend MK, Lifford K, et al. Risk factors for urinary incontinence among middle-aged women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;194:339
  18. Han MO, Lee NY, Park HS. Abdominal obesity is associated with stress urinary incontinence in Korean women. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2006;17:35
  19. Jackson RA, Vittinghoff E, Kanaya AM, et al. Urinary incontinence in elderly women: findings from the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;104:301
  20. Melville JL, Katon W, Delaney K, et al. Urinary incontinence in us women: a population-based study. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:537
  21. Burgio KL, Matthews KA, Engel BT. Prevalence, incidence and correlates of urinary incontinence in healthy, middle-aged women. J Urol. 1991;146:1255
  22. Kuh D, Cardozo L, Hardy R. Urinary incontinence in middle aged women: childhood enuresis and other lifetime risk factors in a British prospective cohort. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1999;53:453
  23. Nygaard I, Turvey C, Burns TL, et al. Urinary incontinence and depression in middle-aged United States women. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101:149
  24. Teleman PM, Lidfeldt J, Nerbrand C, et al. Overactive bladder: prevalence, risk factors and relation to stress incontinence in middle-aged women. BJOG. 2004;111:600
  25. Hall SA, Cinar A, Link CL, et al. Do urological symptoms cluster among women? (Results from the Boston Area Community Health Survey). BJU Int. 2008;101:1257
  26. Mishra GD, Hardy R, Cardozo L, et al. Body weight through adult life and risk of urinary incontinence in middle-aged women: results from a British prospective cohort. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32:1415
  27. Lawrence JM, Lukacz ES, Liu IL, et al. Pelvic floor disorders, diabetes, and obesity in women: findings from the Kaiser Permanente Continence Associated Risk Epidemiology Study. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:2536
  28. Burgio KL, Richter HE, Clements RH, et al. Changes in urinary and fecal incontinence symptoms with weight loss surgery in morbidly obese women. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;110:1034
  29. Deitel M, Stone E, Kassam HA, et al. Gynecologic-obstetric changes after loss of massive excess weight following bariatric surgery. J Am Coll Nutr. 1988;7:147
  30. Richter HE, Burgio KL, Clements RH, et al. Urinary and anal incontinence in morbidly obese women considering weight loss surgery. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106:1272
  31. Waetjen LE, Liao S, Johnson WO, et al. Factors associated with prevalent and incident urinary incontinence in a cohort of midlife women: a longitudinal analysis of data: study of women's health across the nation. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;165:309
  32. Townsend MK, Danforth KN, Rosner B, et al. Body mass index, weight gain, and incident urinary incontinence in middle-aged women. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;110:346
  33. Dallosso HM, McGrother CW, Matthews RJ, et al. The association of diet and other lifestyle factors with overactive bladder and stress incontinence: a longitudinal study in women. BJU Int. 2003;92:69
  34. McGrother CW, Donaldson MM, Hayward T, et al. Urinary storage symptoms and comorbidities: a prospective population cohort study in middle-aged and older women. Age Ageing. 2006;35:16
  35. Townsend MK, Curhan GC, Resnick NM, et al. BMI, waist circumference, and incident urinary incontinence in older women. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008;16:881
  36. Hannestad YS, Huskaar S. Waist-hip ratio associated with urinary incontinence in women. In: August 31, 2005;Presented at annual meeting of International Continence Society, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, abstract 168
  37. Tennstedt SL, Link CL, Steers WD, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for urine leakage in a racially and ethnically diverse population of adults: the Boston Area Community Health (BACH) Survey. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;167:390
  38. Bump R, Sugerman H, Fantl J, et al. Obesity and lower urinary tract function in women: effect of surgically induced weight loss. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;166:392
  39. Sugerman H, Windsor A, Bessos M, et al. Effects of surgically induced weight loss on urinary bladder pressure, sagittal abdominal diameter and obesity co-morbidity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998;22:230
  40. Subak LL, Johnson C, Whitcomb E, et al. Does weight loss improve incontinence in moderately obese women?. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2002;13:40
  41. Subak LL, Whitcomb E, Shen H, et al. Weight loss: a novel and effective treatment for urinary incontinence. J Urol. 2005;174:190
  42. Brown JS, Wing R, Barrett-Connor E, et al. Lifestyle intervention is associated with lower prevalence of urinary incontinence: the Diabetes Prevention Program. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:385
  43. Subak LL, Wing R, West DS, et al. Weight loss to treat urinary incontinence in overweight and obese women. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:481
  44. Noblett KL, Jensen JK, Ostergard DR. The relationship of body mass index to intra-abdominal pressure as measured by multichannel cystometry. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 1997;8:323

PII: S0022-5347(09)02093-X

doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2009.08.071

The Journal of Urology
Volume 182, Issue 6, Supplement , Pages S2-S7 , December 2009