The Journal of Urology
Volume 182, Issue 4 , Pages 1251-1252 , October 2009

Menopausal Hormone Therapy—Why Do Different Studies Have Different Results for the Same Outcome?

References 

  1. Townsend MK, Curhan GC, Resnick NM, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and incident urinary incontinence in middle-aged women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;200:86.e1–86.e5
  2. Hendrix SL, Cochrane BB, Nygaard IE, et al. Effects of estrogen with and without progestin on urinary incontinence. JAMA. 2005;293:935
  3. Steinauer JE, Waetjen LE, Vittinghoff E, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy: does it cause incontinence?. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106:940
  4. Goldstein SR, Johnson S, Watts NB, et al. Incidence of urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women treated with raloxifene or estrogen. Menopause. 2005;12:160
  5. Hodis HN, Mack WJ. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and cardiovascular disease in perspective. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2008;51:564
  6. Grady D, Barrett-Connor E. Postmenopausal hormone therapy. BMJ. 2007;334:860
  7. Birge SJ. Hormone therapy and stroke. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2008;51:581
  8. DuBeau CE. Estrogen treatment for urinary incontinence: never, now, or in the future?. JAMA. 2005;293:998
  9. Jackson S, James M, Abrams P. The effect of oestradiol on vaginal collagen metabolism in postmenopausal women with genuine stress incontinence. BJOG. 2002;109:339
  10. Edwall L, Carlström K, Jonasson AF. Different estrogen sensitivity of urogenital tissue from women with and without stress urinary incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn. 2009;28:516
  11. Waetjen LE, Brown JS, Vittinghoff E, et al. The effect of ultralow-dose transdermal estradiol on urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106:946
  12. Vestergaard P, Hermann AP, Stilgren L, et al. Effects of 5 years of hormonal replacement therapy on menopausal symptoms and blood pressure-a randomised controlled study. Maturitas. 2003;46:123
  13. Cardozo L. Role of estrogens in the treatment of female urinary incontinence. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1990;38:326
  14. Samsioe G, Jansson I, Mellstrom D, et al. Occurrence, nature and treatment of urinary incontinence in a 70-year-old female population. Maturitas. 1985;7:335
  15. Wilson PD, Faragher B, Butler B, et al. Treatment with oral piperazine oestrone sulphate for genuine stress incontinence in postmenopausal women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1987;94:568
  16. Walter S, Wolf H, Barlebo H, et al. Urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women treated with estrogens. Urol Int. 1978;33:135
  17. Rufford J, Hextall A, Cardozo L, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial on the effects of 25 mg estradiol implants on the urge syndrome in postmenopausal women. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2003;14:78
  18. Cardozo L, Rekers H, Tapp A, et al. Oestriol in the treatment of postmenopausal urgency: a multicentre study. Maturitas. 1993;18:47
  19. Fantl JA, Bump RC, Robinson D, et al. Efficacy of estrogen supplementation in the treatment of urinary incontinence (The Continence Program for Women Research Group). Obstet Gynecol. 1996;88:745
  20. Dessole S, Rubattu G, Ambrosini G, et al. Efficacy of low-dose intravaginal estriol on urogenital aging in postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2004;11:49
  21. Simunić V, Banović I, Ciglar S, et al. Local estrogen treatment in patients with urogenital symptoms. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2003;82:187
  22. Cardozo LD, Wise BG, Benness CJ. Vaginal oestradiol for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in postmenopausal women—a double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2001;21:383

PII: S0022-5347(09)01815-1

doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2009.07.074

The Journal of Urology
Volume 182, Issue 4 , Pages 1251-1252 , October 2009

Article Tools