The Journal of Urology
Volume 182, Issue 4 , Pages 1299-1305 , October 2009

Optical Biopsy of Human Bladder Neoplasia With In Vivo Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy

  • Geoffrey A. Sonn

      Affiliations

    • Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
    • ,
  • Sha-Nita E. Jones

      Affiliations

    • Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
    • ,
  • Tatum V. Tarin

      Affiliations

    • Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
    • ,
  • Christine B. Du

      Affiliations

    • Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
    • ,
  • Kathleen E. Mach

      Affiliations

    • Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
    • ,
  • Kristin C. Jensen

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
    • Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
    • ,
  • Joseph C. Liao

      Affiliations

    • Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
    • Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
    • Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorrespondence and requests for reprints: Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, S-287, Stanford, California 94305-5118 (telephone: 650-852-3284; FAX: 650-849-0319)
    • Recipient of Stanford University Cancer Center Developmental Cancer Research Award.

Received 29 January 2009

References 

  1. Botteman MF, Pashos CL, Redaelli A, et al. The health economics of bladder cancer: a comprehensive review of the published literature. Pharmacoeconomics. 2003;21:1315
  2. Grossman HB, Gomella L, Fradet Y, et al. A phase III, multicenter comparison of hexaminolevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy and white light cystoscopy for the detection of superficial papillary lesions in patients with bladder cancer. J Urol. 2007;178:62
  3. Lerner SP, Goh AC, Tresser NJ, et al. Optical coherence tomography as an adjunct to white light cystoscopy for intravesical real-time imaging and staging of bladder cancer. Urology. 2008;72:133
  4. Pawley JB. Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy. 3rd ed.. New York: Springer; 2006;
  5. Minsky M. Microscopy Apparatus. United States Patent 301467 1961;
  6. Minsky M. Memoir on inventing the confocal scanning microscope. Scanning. 1988;10:128
  7. Helmchen F. Miniaturization of fluorescence microscopes using fibre optics. Exp Physiol. 2002;87:737
  8. Yelin D, Rizvi I, White WM, et al. Three-dimensional miniature endoscopy. Nature. 2006;443:765
  9. Rouse AR, Kano A, Udovich JA, et al. Design and demonstration of a miniature catheter for a confocal microendoscope. Appl Opt. 2004;43:5763
  10. Osdoit A, Genet M, Perchant A et al: In vivo fibered confocal reflectance imaging: totally non-invasive morphological cellular imaging brought to the endoscopist. Presented at the SPIE, San Jose, California 2006.
  11. Hsiung PL, Hardy J, Friedland S, et al. Detection of colonic dysplasia in vivo using a targeted heptapeptide and confocal microendoscopy. Nat Med. 2008;14:454
  12. Wang TD, Friedland S, Sahbaie P, et al. Functional imaging of colonic mucosa with a fibered confocal microscope for real-time in vivo pathology. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5:1300
  13. Kiesslich R, Goetz M, Neurath MF. Confocal laser endomicroscopy for gastrointestinal diseases. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2008;18:451
  14. Meining A, Bajbouj M, Schmid RM. Confocal fluorescence microscopy for detection of gastric angiodysplasia. Endoscopy. 2007;39:E145
  15. Kiesslich R, Burg J, Vieth M, et al. Confocal laser endoscopy for diagnosing intraepithelial neoplasias and colorectal cancer in vivo. Gastroenterology. 2004;127:706
  16. Meining A, Wallace MB. Endoscopic imaging of angiogenesis in vivo. Gastroenterology. 2008;134:915
  17. Kakeji Y, Yamaguchi S, Yoshida D, et al. Development and assessment of morphologic criteria for diagnosing gastric cancer using confocal endomicroscopy: an ex vivo and in vivo study. Endoscopy. 2006;38:886
  18. D'Hallewin MA, El Khatib S, Leroux A, et al. Endoscopic confocal fluorescence microscopy of normal and tumor bearing rat bladder. J Urol. 2005;174:736
  19. Boyette LB, Reardon MA, Mirelman AJ, et al. Fiberoptic imaging of cavernous nerves in vivo. J Urol. 2007;178:2694
  20. Sonn GA, Mach KE, Jensen K, et al. Fibered confocal microscopy of bladder tumors: an ex vivo study. J Endourol. 2009;23:197

 To view the accompanying video, please see the online version of this article (Volume 182, Number 4) at www.jurology.com.

 Study received institutional review board approval.

 Clinical Trial Registration NCT00801762 (www.clinicaltrials.gov).

PII: S0022-5347(09)01513-4

doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2009.06.039

The Journal of Urology
Volume 182, Issue 4 , Pages 1299-1305 , October 2009

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