The Journal of Urology
Volume 181, Issue 5 , Pages 2071-2076 , May 2009

Yearly Prostate Specific Antigen and Digital Rectal Examination Fluctuations in a Screened Population

  • Donna Pauler Ankerst

      Affiliations

    • Depatment of Urology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, Texas
    • Depatment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, Texas
    • Corresponding Author InformationDepartment of Urology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78229 (telephone: 210-567-5643; FAX: 210-567-6868)
    • Nothing to disclose.
    • ,
  • Ryan Miyamoto

      Affiliations

    • Depatment of Urology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, Texas
    • Nothing to disclose.
    • ,
  • Prakash Vijay Nair

      Affiliations

    • Depatment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, Texas
    • Nothing to disclose.
    • ,
  • Brad H. Pollock

      Affiliations

    • Depatment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, Texas
    • Nothing to disclose.
    • ,
  • Ian M. Thompson

      Affiliations

    • Depatment of Urology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, Texas
    • Financial interest and/or other relationship with the National Cancer Institute, AstraZeneca, Mission Pharmacal, Southwest Oncology Group and Veridex.
    • ,
  • Dipen J. Parekh

      Affiliations

    • Depatment of Urology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, Texas
    • Financial interest and/or other relationship with Intuitive Surgical and Ethicon.

Received 11 September 2008

References 

  1. Catalona WJ, Richie JP, Ahmann FR, Hudson MA, Scardino PT, Flanigan RC, et al. Comparison of digital rectal examination and serum prostate specific antigen in the early detection of prostate cancer: results of a multicenter clinical trial of 6,630 men. J Urol. 1994;151:1283
  2. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Hao Y, Xu J, Murray T, et al. Cancer statistics, 2008. CA Cancer J Clin. 2008;58:71
  3. Epstein JI, Walsh PC, Brendler CB. Radical prostatectomy for impalpable prostate cancer: the Johns Hopkins experience with tumors found on transurethral resection (stages T1A and T1B) and on needle biopsy (stage T1C). J Urol. 1994;152:1721
  4. Crawford ED, Thompson IM. Controversies regarding screening for prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2007;100:5
  5. Andriole GL, Levin DL, Crawford ED, Gelmann EP, Pinsky PF, Chia D, et al. Prostate Cancer Screening in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial: findings from the initial screening round of a randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97:433
  6. Roobol MJ, Schroder FH. European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer: achievements and presentation. BJU Int. 2003;92:117
  7. Eastham JA, Riedel E, Scardino PT, Shike M, Fleisher M, Schatzkin A, et al. Variation of serum prostate-specific antigen levels: an evaluation of year-to-year fluctuations. JAMA. 2003;289:2695
  8. Nixon RG, Wener MH, Smith KM, Parson RE, Strobel SA, Brawer MK. Biological variation of prostate specific antigen levels in serum: an evaluation of day-to-day physiological fluctuations in a well-defined cohort of 24 patients. J Urol. 1997;157:2183
  9. Rodriguez LV, Terris MK. Risks and complications of transrectal ultrasound guided prostate needle biopsy: a prospective study and review of the literature. J Urol. 1998;160:2115
  10. Gosselaar C, Kranse R, Roobol MJ, Roemeling S, Schroeder FH. The interobserver variability of digital rectal examination in a large randomized trial for the screening of prostate cancer. Prostate. 2008;68:985
  11. Gosselaar C, Roobol MJ, Roemeling S, Schroeder FH. The role of the digital rectal examination in subsequent screening visits in the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC), Rotterdam. Eur Urol. 2008;54:581
  12. Gosselaar C, Roobol MJ, van den Bergh RC, Wolters T, Schroder FH. Digital rectal examination and the diagnosis of prostate cancer–a study based on 8 years and three screenings within the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC), Rotterdam. Eur Urol. 2008;Epub ahead of print.
  13. Roemeling S, Roobol MJ, de Vries SH, Wolters T, Gosselaar C, van Leenders GH, et al. Active surveillance for prostate cancers detected in three subsequent rounds of a screening trial: characteristics, PSA doubling times, and outcome. Eur Urol. 2007;51:1244
  14. Klotz L. Active surveillance for favorable risk prostate cancer: rationale, risks, and results. Urol Oncol. 2007;25:505
  15. Thompson IM, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, Lucia MS, Miller GJ, Ford LG, et al. The influence of finasteride on the development of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:215
  16. Thompson IM, Pauler DK, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, Lucia MS, Parnes HL, et al. Prevalence of prostate cancer among men with a prostate-specific antigen level < or=4.0 ng per milliliter. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2239
  17. Thompson IM, Ankerst DP, Chi C, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, Lucia MS, et al. Assessing prostate cancer risk: results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98:529
  18. Nam RK, Toi A, Klotz LH, Trachtenberg J, Jewett MA, Appu S, et al. Assessing individual risk for prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:3582

 Supported by U.S. Public Health Service Grants awarded by the National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services CA 37429, CA 35178, CA 45808, CA 86402 and 5UO1CA86402 (Early Detection Research Network, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health).

 Editor's Note: This article is the third of 5 published in this issue for which category 1 CME credits can be earned. Instructions for obtaining credits are given with the questions on pages 2392 and 2393.

PII: S0022-5347(09)00051-2

doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2009.01.029

The Journal of Urology
Volume 181, Issue 5 , Pages 2071-2076 , May 2009

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