The Journal of Urology
Volume 179, Issue 3 , Pages 821-826 , March 2008

Prostate Specific Antigen Kinetics in the Management of Prostate Cancer

  • Shomik Sengupta

      Affiliations

    • Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
    • Nothing to disclose.
    • ,
  • Christopher Amling

      Affiliations

    • Department of Urology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
    • Financial interest and/or other relationship with Johnson & Johnson, TAP Pharmaceuticals and Sanofi-Aventis.
    • ,
  • Anthony V. D’Amico

      Affiliations

    • Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and the Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
    • Nothing to disclose.
    • ,
  • Michael L. Blute

      Affiliations

    • Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
    • Nothing to disclose.
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorrespondence: Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905 (telephone: 507-284-3987; FAX: 507-284-4987).

Received 22 April 2007

References 

  1. Carter HB, Pearson JD, Metter EJ, Brant LJ, Chan DW, Andres R, et al. Longitudinal evaluation of prostate-specific antigen levels in men with and without prostate disease. JAMA. 1992;267:2215
  2. Schmid HP, McNeal JE, Stamey TA. Observations on the doubling time of prostate cancer (The use of serial prostate-specific antigen in patients with untreated disease as a measure of increasing cancer volume). Cancer. 1993;71:2031
  3. Sengupta S, Slezak JM, Blute ML, Bergstralh EJ. Simple graphic method for estimation of prostate-specific antigen doubling time. Urology. 2006;67:408
  4. Ross PL, Mahmud S, Stephenson AJ, Souhami L, Tanguay S, Aprikian AG. Variations in PSA doubling time in patients with prostate cancer on “watchful waiting”: value of short-term PSADT determinations. Urology. 2004;64:323
  5. Hardie C, Parker C, Norman A, Eeles R, Horwich A, Huddart R, et al. Early outcomes of active surveillance for localized prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2005;95:956
  6. Stephenson AJ, Aprikian AG, Souhami L, Behlouli H, Jacobson AI, Begin LR, et al. Utility of PSA doubling time in follow-up of untreated patients with localized prostate cancer. Urology. 2002;59:652
  7. Choo R, DeBoer G, Klotz L, Danjoux C, Morton GC, Rakovitch E, et al. PSA doubling time of prostate carcinoma managed with watchful observation alone. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;50:615
  8. Gerber GS, Gornik HL, Goldfischer ER, Chodak GW, Rukstalis DB. Evaluation of changes in prostate specific antigen in clinically localized prostate cancer managed without initial therapy. J Urol. 1998;159:1243
  9. McLaren DB, McKenzie M, Duncan G, Pickles T. Watchful waiting or watchful progression? (Prostate specific antigen doubling times and clinical behavior in patients with early untreated prostate carcinoma). Cancer. 1998;82:342
  10. el-Geneidy M, Garzotto M, Panagiotou I, Hsieh YC, Mori M, Peters L, et al. Delayed therapy with curative intent in a contemporary prostate cancer watchful-waiting cohort. BJU Int. 2004;93:510
  11. Carter CA, Donahue T, Sun L, Wu H, McLeod DG, Amling C, et al. Temporarily deferred therapy (watchful waiting) for men younger than 70 years and with low-risk localized prostate cancer in the prostate-specific antigen era. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:4001
  12. Fall K, Garmo H, Andren O, Bill-Axelson A, Adolfsson J, Adami HO, et al. Prostate-specific antigen levels as a predictor of lethal prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007;99:526
  13. Carter HB, Ferrucci L, Kettermann A, Landis P, Wright EJ, Epstein JI, et al. Detection of life-threatening prostate cancer with prostate-specific antigen velocity during a window of curability. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98:1521
  14. D’Amico AV, Chen MH, Roehl KA, Catalona WJ. Preoperative PSA velocity and the risk of death from prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:125
  15. Sengupta S, Myers RP, Slezak JM, Bergstralh EJ, Zincke H, Blute ML. Preoperative prostate specific antigen doubling time and velocity are strong and independent predictors of outcomes following radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 2005;174:2191
  16. Patel DA, Presti JC, McNeal JE, Gill H, Brooks JD, King CR. Preoperative PSA velocity is an independent prognostic factor for relapse after radical prostatectomy. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:6157
  17. Stephenson AJ, Kattan MW, Eastham JA, Dotan ZA, Bianco FJ, Lilja H, et al. Defining biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy: a proposal for a standardized definition. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:3973
  18. Tollefson MK, Slezak JM, Leibovich BC, Zincke H, Blute ML. Stratification of patient risk based on prostate-specific antigen doubling time after radical retropubic prostatectomy. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007;82:422
  19. Lin DD, Schultz D, Renshaw AA, Rubin MA, Richie JP, D’Amico AV. Predictors of short postoperative prostate-specific antigen doubling time for patients diagnosed during PSA era. Urology. 2005;65:528
  20. Dotan ZA, Bianco FJ, Rabbani F, Eastham JA, Fearn P, Scher HI, et al. Pattern of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) failure dictates the probability of a positive bone scan in patients with an increasing PSA after radical prostatectomy. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:1962
  21. Lee AK, D’Amico AV. Utility of prostate-specific antigen kinetics in addition to clinical factors in the selection of patients for salvage local therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:8192
  22. Pound CR, Partin AW, Eisenberger MA, Chan DW, Pearson JD, Walsh PC. Natural history of progression after PSA elevation following radical prostatectomy. JAMA. 1999;281:1591
  23. Roberts SG, Blute ML, Bergstralh EJ, Slezak JM, Zincke H. PSA doubling time as a predictor of clinical progression after biochemical failure following radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. Mayo Clin Proc. 2001;76:576
  24. Partin AW, Pearson JD, Landis PK, Carter HB, Pound CR, Clemens JQ, et al. Evaluation of serum prostate-specific antigen velocity after radical prostatectomy to distinguish local recurrence from distant metastases. Urology. 1994;43:649
  25. Trapasso JG, deKernion JB, Smith RB, Dorey F. The incidence and significance of detectable levels of serum prostate specific antigen after radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 1994;152:1821
  26. Zhou P, Chen MH, McLeod D, Carroll PR, Moul JW, D’Amico AV. Predictors of prostate cancer-specific mortality after radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:6992
  27. D’Amico AV, Moul JW, Carroll PR, Sun L, Lubeck D, Chen MH. Surrogate end point for prostate cancer-specific mortality after radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95:1376
  28. Freedland SJ, Humphreys EB, Mangold LA, Eisenberger M, Dorey FJ, Walsh PC, et al. Death in patients with recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy: prostate-specific antigen doubling time subgroups and their associated contributions to all-cause mortality. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:1765
  29. Ward JF, Zincke H, Bergstralh EJ, Slezak JM, Blute ML. Prostate specific antigen doubling time subsequent to radical prostatectomy as a prognosticator of outcome following salvage radiotherapy. J Urol. 2004;172:2244
  30. Moul JW, Wu H, Sun L, McLeod DG, Amling C, Donahue T, et al. Early versus delayed hormonal therapy for prostate specific antigen only recurrence of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 2004;171:1141
  31. Sengupta S, Blute ML, Bagniewski SM, Myers RP, Bergstralh EJ, Leibovich BC, et al. Increasing prostate specific antigen following radical prostatectomy and adjuvant hormonal therapy: doubling time predicts survival. J Urol. 2006;175:1684
  32. Hanks GE, Hanlon AL, Lee WR, Slivjak A, Schultheiss TE. Pretreatment prostate-specific antigen doubling times: clinical utility of this predictor of prostate cancer behavior. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996;34:549
  33. D’Amico AV, Renshaw AA, Sussman B, Chen MH. Pretreatment PSA velocity and risk of death from prostate cancer following external beam radiation therapy. JAMA. 2005;294:440
  34. Eggener SE, Roehl KA, Yossepowitch O, Catalona WJ. Prediagnosis prostate specific antigen velocity is associated with risk of prostate cancer progression following brachytherapy and external beam radiation therapy. J Urol. 2006;176:1399
  35. D’Amico AV, Loffredo M, Renshaw AA, Loffredo B, Chen MH. Six-month androgen suppression plus radiation therapy compared with radiation therapy alone for men with prostate cancer and a rapidly increasing pretreatment prostate-specific antigen level. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:4190
  36. Bates AT, Pickles T, Paltiel C. PSA doubling time kinetics during prostate cancer biochemical relapse after external beam radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;62:148
  37. Buyyounouski MK, Hanlon AL, Horwitz EM, Uzzo RG, Pollack A. Biochemical failure and the temporal kinetics of prostate-specific antigen after radiation therapy with androgen deprivation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;61:1291
  38. Cheung R, Tucker SL, Kuban DA. First-year PSA kinetics and minima after prostate cancer radiotherapy are predictive of overall survival. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;66:20
  39. Ciezki JP, Reddy CA, Garcia J, Angermeier K, Ulchaker J, Mahadevan A, et al. PSA kinetics after prostate brachytherapy: PSA bounce phenomenon and its implications for PSA doubling time. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64:512
  40. Sartor CI, Strawderman MH, Lin XH, Kish KE, McLaughlin PW, Sandler HM. Rate of PSA rise predicts metastatic versus local recurrence after definitive radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997;38:941
  41. Spiess PE, Lee AK, Leibovici D, Wang X, Do KA, Pisters LL. Presalvage prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and PSA doubling time as predictors of biochemical failure of salvage cryotherapy in patients with locally recurrent prostate cancer after radiotherapy. Cancer. 2006;107:275
  42. Zagars GK, Pollack A. Kinetics of serum prostate-specific antigen after external beam radiation for clinically localized prostate cancer. Radiother Oncol. 1997;44:213
  43. Lee AK, Levy LB, Cheung R, Kuban D. Prostate-specific antigen doubling time predicts clinical outcome and survival in prostate cancer patients treated with combined radiation and hormone therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;63:456
  44. Zelefsky MJ, Ben-Porat L, Scher HI, Chan HM, Fearn PA, Fuks ZY, et al. Outcome predictors for the increasing PSA state after definitive external-beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:826
  45. Stock RG, Cesaretti JA, Stone NN. Disease-specific survival following the brachytherapy management of prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64:810
  46. Thompson IM, Ankerst DP, Chi C, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, Lucia MS, et al. Assessing prostate cancer risk: results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98:529
  47. Lynn NN, Collins GN, O’Reilly PH. The short-term prostate-specific antigen velocity before biopsy can be used to predict prostatic histology. BJU Int. 2000;85:847
  48. Loeb S, Roehl KA, Catalona WJ, Nadler RB. Prostate specific antigen velocity threshold for predicting prostate cancer in young men. J Urol. 2007;177:899
  49. Loberg RD, Fielhauer JR, Pienta BA, Dresden S, Christmas P, Kalikin LM, et al. Prostate-specific antigen doubling time and survival in patients with advanced metastatic prostate cancer. Urology. 2003;62(suppl.):128
  50. Vollmer RT, Egawa S, Kuwao S, Baba S. The dynamics of prostate specific antigen during watchful waiting of prostate carcinoma: a study of 94 Japanese men. Cancer. 2002;94:1692

 Editor’s Note: This article is the first of 5 published in this issue for which category 1 CME credits can be earned. Instructions for obtaining credits are given with the questions on pages 1208 and 1209.

PII: S0022-5347(07)02753-X

doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2007.10.023

The Journal of Urology
Volume 179, Issue 3 , Pages 821-826 , March 2008

Article Tools