The Journal of Urology
Volume 177, Issue 6 , Pages 2136-2140 , June 2007

Low Dose Metronomic Oral Cyclophosphamide for Hormone Resistant Prostate Cancer: A Phase II Study

  • R. Lord

      Affiliations

    • Department of Oncology and Urology, St. George’s, University of London, London
    • Department of Urology, Frimley Park Hospital, United Kingdom
    • Academic Department of Urology, Royal Marsden Hospital, United Kingdom
    • Department of Oncology, Postgraduate Medical School, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
    • ,
  • S. Nair

      Affiliations

    • Department of Oncology and Urology, St. George’s, University of London, London
    • ,
  • A. Schache

      Affiliations

    • Department of Urology, Frimley Park Hospital, United Kingdom
    • ,
  • J. Spicer

      Affiliations

    • Department of Oncology and Urology, St. George’s, University of London, London
    • Department of Urology, Frimley Park Hospital, United Kingdom
    • Academic Department of Urology, Royal Marsden Hospital, United Kingdom
    • Department of Oncology, Postgraduate Medical School, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
    • ,
  • Navita Somaihah

      Affiliations

    • Department of Oncology and Urology, St. George’s, University of London, London
    • Department of Urology, Frimley Park Hospital, United Kingdom
    • Academic Department of Urology, Royal Marsden Hospital, United Kingdom
    • Department of Oncology, Postgraduate Medical School, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
    • ,
  • V. Khoo

      Affiliations

    • Academic Department of Urology, Royal Marsden Hospital, United Kingdom
    • ,
  • H. Pandha

      Affiliations

    • Department of Oncology, Postgraduate Medical School, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorrespondence: Department of Oncology, Postgraduate Medical School, University of Surrey, Daphne Jackson Rd., Guildford, GU2 7WG, United Kingdom (telephone: 01483 688 550; FAX: 01483 688 558).

Received 21 November 2006

References 

  1. Zhang Y, Glass A, Bennett N, Oyama KA, Gehan E, Gelmann EP. Long-term outcomes after radical prostatectomy performed in a community-based health maintenance organization. Cancer. 2004;100:300
  2. Albini A, Tosetti F, Benelli R, Noonan DM. Tumour inflammatory angiogenesis and its chemoprevention. Cancer Res. 2005;65:10637
  3. Lutsiak ME, Semnani RT, De Pascalis R, Kashmiri SV, Schlom J, Sabzevari H. Inhibition of CD4(+)25+ T regulatory cell function implicated in enhanced immune response by low-dose cyclophosphamide. Blood. 2005;105:2862
  4. Damber JE, Vallbo C, Albertsson P, Lennernas B, Norrby K. The anti-tumour effect of low-dose continuous chemotherapy may partly be mediated by thrombospondin. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2005;158:354
  5. Hanahan D, Bergers G, Bergsland E. Less is more, regularly: metronomic dosing of cytotoxic drugs can target tumor angiogenesis in mice. J Clin Invest. 2000;105:1045
  6. Browder T, Butterfield CE, Kraling BM, Shi B, Marshall B, O’Reilly MS, et al. Antiangiogenic scheduling of chemotherapy improves efficacy against experimental drug-resistant cancer. Cancer Res. 2000;60:1878
  7. Man S, Bocci G, Francia G, Green SK, Jothy S, Hanahan D, et al. Antitumor effects in mice of low-dose (metronomic) cyclophosphamide administered continuously through the drinking water. Cancer Res. 2002;62:2731
  8. Gehan EA. Clinical trials in cancer research. Environ Health Perspect. 1979;32:31
  9. D’Amico AV, Moul J, Carroll PR, Sun L, Lubeck D, Chen MH. Prostate specific antigen doubling time as a surrogate end point for prostate cancer specific mortality following radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy. J Urol. 2004;172:S42
  10. Schellhammer PF, Hershberg RM. Immunotherapy with autologous antigen presenting cells for the treatment of androgen independent prostate cancer. World J Urol. 2005;23:47
  11. Michael A, Ball G, Quatan N, Wushishi F, Russell N, Whelan J, et al. Delayed disease progression after allogeneic cell vaccination in hormone-resistant prostate cancer and correlation with immunologic variables. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11:4469
  12. Chlebowski RT, Hestorff R, Sardoff L, Weiner J, Bateman JR. Cyclophosphamide (NSC 26271) versus the combination of adriamycin (NSC 123127), 5-fluorouracil (NSC 19893), and cyclophosphamide in the treatment of metastatic prostatic cancer: a randomized trial. Cancer. 1978;42:2546
  13. Nicolini A, Mancini P, Ferrari P, Anselmi L, Tartarelli G, Bonazzi V, et al. Oral low-dose cyclophosphamide in metastatic hormone refractory prostate cancer (MHRPC). Biomed Pharmacother. 2004;58:447
  14. Albertsson P, Lennernas B, Norrby K. Chemotherapy and antiangiogenesis: drug-specific effects on microvessel sprouting. APMIS. 2003;111:995
  15. Nicholson B, Theodorescu D. Angiogenesis and prostate cancer tumor growth. J Cell Biochem. 2004;91:125
  16. Hamano Y, Sugimoto H, Soubasakos MA, Kieran M, Olsen BR, Lawler J, et al. Thrombospondin-1 associated with tumor microenvironment contributes to low-dose cyclophosphamide-mediated endothelial cell apoptosis and tumor growth suppression. Cancer Res. 2004;64:1570

 Study received approval from St. Georges Hospital Local Research Ethics Committee.

PII: S0022-5347(07)00281-9

doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2007.01.143

The Journal of Urology
Volume 177, Issue 6 , Pages 2136-2140 , June 2007

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