The Journal of Urology
Volume 177, Issue 1 , Pages 50-52 , January 2007

Uroscopy by Hippocrates and Theophilus: Prognosis Versus Diagnosis

  • Erik Kouba
    • ,
  • Eric M. Wallen
    • ,
  • Raj S. Pruthi

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorrespondence: Division of Urologic Surgery, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2140 Bioinformatics Building, CB7235, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (telephone: 919-966-2574; FAX: 919-966-0098).

Received 19 April 2006

References 

  1. Eknoyan G. Origins of nephrology: Hippocrates, the father of clinical nephrology. Am J Nephrol. 1988;8:498
  2. Angeletti LR, Cavarra B. Critical and historical approach to Theophilus’ De Urinis (Urine as blood’s percolation made by the kidney and uroscopy in the middle ages). Am J Nephrol. 1994;14:282
  3. In:  Nutton V editors. Galen: Problems and Prospects. Collection of papers submitted at the 1979 Cambridge Conference. London: The Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine; 1981;
  4. Angeletti LR, Gazzaniga V. Theophilus’ Auctoritas: the role of De urinis in the medical curriculum of the 12th–13th centuries. Am J Nephrol. 1999;19:165
  5. Wallis F. Inventing diagnosis: Theophilus’ De urinis in the classroom. Dynamis. 2000;20:31
  6. Wittern-Sterzel R. Diagnosis: the doctor and the urine glass. Lancet. 1999;354:SIV13
  7. Dimopoulos C, Gialas A, Likourinas M, Androutsos G, Kostakopoulos A. Hippocrates, founder and pioneer of urology. Br J Urol. 1980;52:73
  8. Hippocrates . The Theory and Practice of Medicine. New York: Citadel Press; 1964;
  9. Marketos SG. Hippocratic medicine and nephrology. Am J Nephrol. 1994;14:264
  10. Wallis F. Signs and senses: diagnosis and prognosis in early medieval pulse and urine texts. Soc Hist Med. 2000;13:265
  11. Alvarez Millan C. Graeco-Roman case histories and their influence on Medieval Islamic clinical accounts. Soc Hist Med. 1999;12:19
  12. Diamandopoulos AA, Goudas PC. The late Greco-Roman and Byzantine contribution to the evolution of laboratory examinations of bodily excrement. Part 1: Urine, sperm, menses and stools. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2003;41:963
  13. Angeletti LR, Cavarra B. The Peri ouron treatise of Stephanus of Athens: Byzantine uroscopy of the 6th-7th centuries AD. Am J Nephrol. 1997;17:228
  14. Gazzaniga V. Uroporphyria: some notes on its ancient historical background. Am J Nephrol. 1999;19:159
  15. Timio M. The urologic tradition of Preci. Am J Nephrol. 1994;14:473
  16. Eftychiadis AC. Diseases in the Byzantine world with special emphasis on the nephropathies. Am J Nephrol. 1997;17:217
  17. Marketos SG, Eftychiadis AG, Diamandopoulos A. Acute renal failure according to ancient Greek and Byzantine medical writers. J R Soc Med. 1993;86:290

PII: S0022-5347(06)02148-3

doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2006.08.111

The Journal of Urology
Volume 177, Issue 1 , Pages 50-52 , January 2007

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