The Journal of Urology
Volume 171, Issue 2, Supplement , Pages S30-S35 , February 2004

Inflammation as a Target for Prostate Cancer Chemoprevention: Pathological and Laboratory Rationale

  • M. SCOTT LUCIA

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorrespondence: Department of Pathology, Campus Box B-216, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Ave., Denver, Colorado 80262 (telephone: 303-315-5931; FAX: 303-315-6721).
    • ,
  • KATHLEEN C. TORKKO

REFERENCES 

  1. Balkwill F , Mantovani A . Inflammation and cancer: back to Virchow? . Lancet . 2001;357:539
  2. Burnet FM . Immunological surveillance in neoplasia . Transplant Rev . 1971;7:3
  3. Coussens LM , Werb Z . Inflammation and cancer . Nature . 2002;420:860
  4. Platz EA . Prostatitis and prostate cancer . N Dev Prostate Cancer Treatm . 1998;3:71
  5. Putzi MJ , De Marzo AM . Prostate pathology: histologic and molecular perspectives . Hematol Oncol Clin North Am . 2001;15:407
  6. Dvorak HF . Tumors: wounds that do not heal. Similarities between tumor stroma generation and wound healing . N Engl J Med . 1986;315:1650
  7. Beutler BA . The role of tumor necrosis factor in health and disease . J Rheumatol . 1999;57(suppl.):16
  8. Lejeune FJ , Ruegg C , Lienard D . Clinical applications of TNF-alpha in cancer . Curr Opin Immunol . 1998;10:573
  9. Balkwill F . Tumor necrosis factor or tumor promoting factor? . Cytokine Growth Factor Rev . 2002;13:135
  10. Moore RJ , Owens DM , Stamp G , Arnott C , Burke F , East N , et al.   Mice deficient in tumor necrosis factor-alpha are resistant to skin carcinogenesis . Nat Med . 1999;5:828
  11. Mizokami A , Gotoh A , Yamada H , Keller ET , Matsumoto T . Tumor necrosis factor-alpha represses androgen sensitivity in the LNCaP prostate cancer cell line . J Urol . 2000;164:800
  12. Li Q , Verma IM . NF-kappaB regulation in the immune system . Nat Rev Immunol . 2002;2:725
  13. Richmond A . Nf-kappa B, chemokine gene transcription and tumour growth . Nat Rev Immunol . 2002;2:664
  14. Giri DK , Aggarwal BB . Constitutive activation of NF-kappaB causes resistance to apoptosis in human cutaneous T cell lymphoma HuT-78 cells. Autocrine role of tumor necrosis factor and reactive oxygen intermediates . J Biol Chem . 1998;273:14008
  15. Sumitomo M , Tachibana M , Nakashima J , Murai M , Miyajima A , Kimura F , et al.   An essential role for nuclear factor kappa B in preventing TNF-alpha-induced cell death in prostate cancer cells . J Urol . 1999;161:674
  16. Wang CY , Mayo MW , Baldwin AS . TNF- and cancer therapy-induced apoptosis: potentiation by inhibition of NF-kappaB . Science . 1996;274:784
  17. Dhanalakshmi S , Singh RP , Agarwal C , Agarwal R . Silibinin inhibits constitutive and TNFalpha-induced activation of NF-kappaB and sensitizes human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells to TNFalpha-induced apoptosis . Oncogene . 2002;21:1759
  18. Nomura M , Ma W , Chen N , Bode AM , Dong Z . Inhibition of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced NF-kappaB activation by tea polyphenols, (−)-epigallocatechin gallate and theaflavins . Carcinogenesis . 2000;21:1885
  19. Neufeld G , Cohen T , Gengrinovitch S , Poltorak Z . Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors . FASEB J . 1999;13:9
  20. Takahashi Y , Kitadai Y , Bucana CD , Cleary KR , Ellis LM . Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor, KDR, correlates with vascularity, metastasis, and proliferation of human colon cancer . Cancer Res . 1995;55:3964
  21. Kim KJ , Li B , Winer J , Armanini M , Gillett N , Phillips HS , et al.   Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis suppresses tumour growth in vivo . Nature . 1993;362:841
  22. Kollermann J , Helpap B . Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor Flk-1 in benign, premalignant, and malignant prostate tissue . Am J Clin Pathol . 2001;116:115
  23. Meyer-Siegler K . Increased stability of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in DU-145 prostate cancer cells . J Interferon Cytokine Res . 2000;20:769
  24. Hudson JD , Shoaibi MA , Maestro R , Carnero A , Hannon GJ , Beach DH . A proinflammatory cytokine inhibits p53 tumor suppressor activity . J Exp Med . 1999;190:1375
  25. Ito R , Kitadai Y , Kyo E , Yokozaki H , Yasui W , Yamashita U , et al.   Interleukin 1 alpha acts as an autocrine growth stimulator for human gastric carcinoma cells . Cancer Res . 1993;53:4102
  26. Bar-Eli M . Role of interleukin-8 in tumor growth and metastasis of human melanoma . Pathobiology . 1999;67:12
  27. Xie K . Interleukin-8 and human cancer biology . Cytokine Growth Factor Rev . 2001;12:375
  28. Brigati C , Noonan DM , Albini A , Benelli R . Tumors and inflammatory infiltrates: friends or foes? . Clin Exp Metastasis . 2002;19:247
  29. Vidal-Vanaclocha F , Fantuzzi G , Mendoza L , Fuentes AM , Anasagasti MJ , Martin J , et al.   IL-18 regulates IL-1beta-dependent hepatic melanoma metastasis via vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 2000;97:734
  30. Reiland J , Furcht LT , McCarthy JB . CXC-chemokines stimulate invasion and chemotaxis in prostate carcinoma cells through the CXCR2 receptor . Prostate . 1999;41:78
  31. Moore BB , Arenberg DA , Stoy K , Morgan T , Addison CL , Morris SB , et al.   Distinct CXC chemokines mediate tumorigenicity of prostate cancer cells . Am J Pathol . 1999;154:1503
  32. Wahl LM , Kleinman HK . Tumor-associated macrophages as targets for cancer therapy . J Natl Cancer Inst . 1998;90:1583
  33. Williams CS , Mann M , DuBois RN . The role of cyclooxygenases in inflammation, cancer, and development . Oncogene . 1999;18:7908
  34. Surh YJ , Chun KS , Cha HH , Han SS , Keum YS , Park KK , et al.   Molecular mechanisms underlying chemopreventive activities of anti-inflammatory phytochemicals: down-regulation of COX-2 and iNOS through suppression of NF-kappa B activation . Mutat Res . 2001;480:243
  35. Cao Y , Prescott SM . Many actions of cyclooxygenase-2 in cellular dynamics and in cancer . J Cell Physiol . 2002;190:279
  36. Liu XH , Kirschenbaum A , Yao S , Stearns ME , Holland JF , Claffey K , et al.   Upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor by cobalt chloride-simulated hypoxia is mediated by persistent induction of cyclooxygenase-2 in a metastatic human prostate cancer cell line . Clin Exp Metastasis . 1999;17:687
  37. Fosslien E . Review: molecular pathology of cyclooxygenase-2 in cancer-induced angiogenesis . Ann Clin Lab Sci . 2001;31:325
  38. Pruthi RS , Derksen E , Gaston K . Cyclooxygenase-2 as a potential target in the prevention and treatment of genitourinary tumors: a review . J Urol . 2003;169:2352
  39. Zha S , Gage WR , Sauvageot J , Saria EA , Putzi MJ , Ewing CM , et al.   Cyclooxygenase-2 is up-regulated in proliferative inflammatory atrophy of the prostate, but not in prostate carcinoma . Cancer Res . 2001;61:8617
  40. Chaudry AA , Wahle KW , McClinton S , Moffat LE . Arachidonic acid metabolism in benign and malignant prostatic tissue in vitro: effects of fatty acids and cyclooxygenase inhibitors . Int J Cancer . 1994;57:176
  41. Kirschenbaum A , Liu X , Yao S , Levine AC . The role of cyclooxygenase-2 in prostate cancer . Urology . 2001;58:127
  42. Sheng H , Shao J , Morrow JD , Beauchamp RD , DuBois RN . Modulation of apoptosis and Bcl-2 expression by prostaglandin E2 in human colon cancer cells . Cancer Res . 1998;58:362
  43. Pollard M , Luckert PH . The beneficial effects of diphosphonate and piroxicam on the osteolytic and metastatic spread of rat prostate carcinoma cells . Prostate . 1986;8:81
  44. Drago JR , Al Mondhiry HA . The effect of prostaglandin modulators on prostate tumor growth and metastasis . Anticancer Res . 1984;4:391
  45. Gupta S , Adhami VM , Lewin JS , Mukhtar H . Dietary supplementation of selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib suppresses prostate carcinogenesis in TRAMP mice . Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res . 2002;43:671
  46. Song X , Lin HP , Johnson AJ , Tseng PH , Yang YT , Kulp SK , et al.   Cyclooxygenase-2, player or spectator in cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells . J Natl Cancer Inst . 2002;94:585
  47. Fujita H , Koshida K , Keller ET , Takahashi Y , Yoshimito T , Namiki M , et al.   Cyclooxygenase-2 promotes prostate cancer progression . Prostate . 2002;53:232
  48. Goldsby RA , Kindt TJ , Osborne BA . In: Kuby Immunology . 4th ed.. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company; 2000;p. 41–44
  49. Kovacic P , Jacintho JD . Mechanisms of carcinogenesis: focus on oxidative stress and electron transfer . Curr Med Chem . 2001;8:773
  50. Kang DH . Oxidative stress, DNA damage and breast cancer . AACN Clin Issues . 2002;13:540
  51. Tamir S , Tannenbaum SR . The role of nitric oxide (NO) in the carcinogenic process . Biochim Biophys Acta . 1996;1288:F31
  52. Lala PK , Chakraborty C . Role of nitric oxide in carcinogenesis and tumour progression . Lancet Oncol . 2001;2:149
  53. Nathan C . Nitric oxide as a secretory product of mammalian cells . FASEB J . 1992;6:3051
  54. Chamness SL , Ricker DD , Crone JK , Dembeck CL , Maguire MP , Burnett AL , et al.   The effect of androgen on nitric oxide synthase in the male reproductive tract of the rat . Fertil Steril . 1995;63:1101
  55. Wiseman H , Halliwell B . Damage to DNA by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: role in inflammatory disease and progression to cancer . Biochem J . 1996;313:17
  56. Weitzman SA , Turk PW , Milkowski DH , Kozlowski K . Free radical adducts induce alterations in DNA cytosine methylation . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 1994;91:1261
  57. Olinski R , Gackowski D , Foksinski M , Rozalski R , Roszkowski K , Jaruga P . Oxidative DNA damage: assessment of the role in carcinogenesis, atherosclerosis, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome . Free Rad Biol Med . 2002;33:192
  58. Jackson AL , Loeb LA . The contribution of endogenous sources of DNA damage to the multiple mutations in cancer . Mutat Res . 2001;477:7
  59. Nelson WG , de Marzo AM , DeWeese TL . The molecular pathogenesis of prostate cancer: implications for prostate cancer prevention . Urology . 2001;57:39
  60. Hayes JD , Pulford DJ . The glutathione S-transferase supergene family: regulation of GST and the contribution of the isoenzymes to cancer chemoprotection and drug resistance . Crit Rev Biochem Molec Biol . 1995;30:445
  61. Bostwick DG , Alexander EE , Singh R , Shan A , Qian J , Santella RM , et al.   Antioxidant enzyme expression and reactive oxygen species damage in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer . Cancer . 2000;89:123
  62. Ripple MO , Henry WF , Rago RP , Wilding G . Prooxidant-antioxidant shift induced by androgen treatment of human prostate carcinoma lines . J Natl Cancer Inst . 1997;89:40
  63. Fleshner NE , Klotz LH . Diet, androgens, oxidative stress and prostate cancer susceptibility . Cancer Metastasis Rev . 1998;17:325
  64. Klein EA , Thompson IM , Lippman SM , Goodman PJ , Albanes D , Taylor PR , et al.   SELECT: the next prostate cancer prevention trial . J Urol . 2001;166:1311
  65. Kohnen PW , Drach GW . Patterns of inflammation in prostatic hyperplasia: a histologic and bacteriologic study . J Urol . 1979;121:755
  66. Blumenfeld W , Tucci S , Narayan P . Incidental lymphocytic prostatitis. Selective involvement with nonmalignant glands . Am J Surg Pathol . 1992;16:975
  67. Gerstenbluth RE , Seftel AD , MacLennan GT , Rao RN , Corty EW , Ferguson K , et al.   Distribution of chronic prostatitis in radical prostatectomy specimens with up-regulation of bcl-2 in areas of inflammation . J Urol . 2002;167:2267
  68. O'Byrne KJ , Dalgleish AG . Chronic immune activation and inflammation as the cause of malignancy . Br J Cancer . 2001;85:473
  69. De Marzo AM , Marchi VL , Epstein JI , Nelson WG . Proliferative inflammatory atrophy of the prostate: implications for prostatic carcinogenesis . Am J Pathol . 1999;155:1985
  70. McNeal JE . Normal histology of the prostate . Am J Surg Pathol . 1988;12:619
  71. Franks LM . Atrophy and hyperplasia in the prostate proper . J Pathol Bacteriol . 1954;68:617
  72. Liavag I . Atrophy and regeneration in the pathogenesis of prostatic carcinoma . Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand . 1968;73:338
  73. Gardner WA , Culberson DE . Atrophy and proliferation in the young adult prostate . J Urol . 1987;137:53
  74. Tsujimoto Y , Takayama H , Nonomura N , Okuyama A , Aozasa K . Postatrophic hyperplasia of the prostate in Japan: histologic and immunohistochemical features and p53 gene mutation analysis . Prostate . 2002;52:279
  75. Shah R , Mucci NR , Amin A , Macoska JA , Rubin MA . Postatrophic hyperplasia of the prostate gland: neoplastic precursor or innocent bystander? . Am J Pathol . 2001;158:1767
  76. Habel LA , Zhao W , Stanford JL . Daily aspirin use and prostate cancer in a large, multiracial cohort in the US . Cancer Causes Control . 2002;13:427
  77. Leitzmann MF , Stampfer MJ , Ma J , Chan JM , Colditz GA , Willett WC , et al.   Aspirin use in relation to risk of prostate cancer . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev . 2002;11:1108

PII: S0022-5347(05)62515-3

doi: 10.1097/01.ju.0000108142.53241.47

The Journal of Urology
Volume 171, Issue 2, Supplement , Pages S30-S35 , February 2004

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution