The Journal of Urology
Volume 172, Issue 3 , Pages 958-961 , September 2004

STONE FORMING RISK OF CALCIUM CITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN HEALTHY POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN

REFERENCES 

  1. Dawson-Hughes B , Harris SS , Krall EA , Dallal GE . Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older . N Engl J Med . 1997;337:670
  2. Curhan GC , Willet WC , Rimms EB , Stampfer MJ . A prospective study of dietary calcium and other nutrients and the risk of symptomatic kidney stones . N Engl J Med . 1993;328:833
  3. Curhan GC , Willet WC , Speizer FE , Spiegelman D , Stampfer MJ . Comparison of dietary calcium with supplemental calcium and other nutrients as factors affecting the risk for kidney stones in women . Ann Intern Med . 1997;126:497
  4. Heller HJ , Doerner MF , Brinkley LJ , Adams-Huet B , Pak CYC . Effect of dietary calcium on stone forming propensity . J Urol . 2003;169:470
  5. Harvey JA , Zobitz MM , Pak CY . Calcium citrate: reduced propensity for the crystallization of calcium oxalate in urine resulting from induced hypercalciuria of calcium supplementation . J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 1985;61:1223
  6. Jaeger P , Portmann L , Jacquet AF , Burkhardt P . Influence of the calcium content of the diet on the incidence of mild hyperoxaluria in idiopathic renal stone formers . Am J Nephrol . 1985;5:40
  7. Pak CYC , Breslau NA , Harvey JA . Nutrition and metabolic bone disease . In:  Scarpelli DG ,  Migaki G editor. Nutritional Diseases: Research Directions in Comparative Pathobiology . New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc.; 1986;p. 215; chapt. 15
  8. Breslau NA , Sakhaee K , Pak CY . Impaired adaptation to salt induced urinary calcium losses in postmenopausal osteoporosis . Trans Assoc Am Physicians . 1985;98:107
  9. Pak CYC , Skurla C , Harvey J . Graphic display of urinary risk factors for renal stone formation . J Urol . 1985;134:867
  10. Werness PG , Brown CM , Smith LH , Finlayson B . EQUIL2: a basic computer program for the calculation of urinary saturation . J Urol . 1985;134:1242
  11. Oh MS . A new method for estimating G-I absorption of alkali . Kidney Int . 1989;36:915
  12. Barcelo P , Wuhl O , Servitge E , Rousaud A , Pak CYC . Randomized double-blind study of potassium citrate in idiopathic hypocitraturic calcium nephrolithiasis . J Urol . 1993;150:1761
  13. Sakhaee K , Alpern R , Poindexter J , Pak CYC . Citraturic response to oral citric acid load . J Urol . 1992;147:975
  14. Pak CY , Nicar M , Northcutt C . The definition of the mechanism of hypercalciuria is necessary for the treatment of recurrent stone formers . Contrib Nephrol . 1982;33:136
  15. Gallagher JC , Riggs BL , Eisman J , Hamstra A , Arnaud SB , DeLuca HF . Intestinal calcium absorption and serum vitamin D metabolites in normal subjects and osteoporotic patients: effect of age and dietary calcium . J Clin Invest . 1979;64:729
  16. Heaney RP , Nordin BEC . Calcium effects on phosphorus absorption: implications for the prevention and co-therapy of osteoporosis . J Am Coll Nutr . 2002;21:239
  17. Pak CY . Citrate and renal calculi . Miner Electrolyte Metab . 1987;13:257
  18. Lemann J , Gray RW , Pleuss JA . Potassium bicarbonate, but not sodium bicarbonate, reduces urinary calcium excretion and improves calcium balance in healthy men . Kidney Int . 1989;35:688
  19. Pak CY , Ohata M , Lawrence EC , Snyder W . The hypercalciurias: causes, parathyroid functions and diagnostic criteria . J Clin Invest . 1974;54:387
  20. Sakhaee K , Baker S , Zerwekh J , Poindexter J , Garcia-Hernandez PA , Pak CYC . Limited risk of kidney stone formation during long-term calcium citrate supplementation in nonstone forming subjects . J Urol . 1994;152:324

 Accepted for publication March 12, 2004.Supported by National Institutes of Health grants P01-DK20543 and M01-RR00633.Study received Institutional Review Board approval.Nothing to disclose.Editor’s Note: This article is the fifth of 5 published in this issue for which category 1 CME credits can be earned. Instructions for obtaining credits are given with the questions on page 1226 and page 1227.

PII: S0022-5347(05)61532-7

doi: 10.1097/01.ju.0000136400.14728.cd

The Journal of Urology
Volume 172, Issue 3 , Pages 958-961 , September 2004