Making Sense of Prostate Specific Antigen: Improving its Predictive Value in Patients Undergoing Prostate Biopsy

Purpose

The clinical usefulness of PSA for prostate cancer screening is unclear, although the test remains in common use. New methods to interpret PSA are needed.

Materials and Methods

We examined a cohort of 2,637 men who underwent prostate biopsies for abnormal DRE or PSA between 1999 and 2004. Using risk factors for prostate cancer, including patient age, ethnicity, family history of prostate cancer, previous negative biopsy, voiding symptoms and prostate volume, we developed risk groups for prostate cancer using recursive partitioning modeling independent of PSA or DRE. We then compared prostate cancer probabilities by PSA ranges by risk group.

Results

Of the 2,637 men 1,282 (48.6%) had prostate cancer. Age, ethnicity, family history, previous negative biopsy and prostate volume were predictive for cancer. We constructed 6 risk groups by combining these factors and created tables to assign patients to these groups. Independent of PSA and DRE the probability of cancer ranged from 15% in patients in group 1 to 78% in patients in group 6 (p <0.0001). By adding PSA and DRE to each risk group prostate cancer probabilities were refined from 0% to 100%. Patients in the higher risk groups also had higher grade cancer (p <0.0001).

Conclusions

We generated 6 risk groups based on simple risk factors for prostate cancer. When used in the right context and patient, PSA is highly accurate for predicting prostate cancer and permitting rational decision making in patients with abnormal PSA.

Key Words:  prostate , prostatic neoplasms , prostate-specific antigen , risk

Abbreviations and Acronyms:  DRE, digital rectal examination , FH, family history , HGPIN, high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia , LUTS, lower urinary tract symptoms , PSA, prostate specific antigen , TRUS, transrectal ultrasonography